Glossary of religious and spiritual terms (Starting with "A")

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Glossary of religious and spiritual terms
(Starting with "A")

By Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance,
Toronto, Canada

http://www.religioustolerance.org/glossary.htm

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Abba: An Aramaic word for father, typically used by a child when addressing their own parent. Jesus used the term when addressing God. "Papa" might be the best translation in English. Not to be confused with a really neat Swedish singing quartet.

Abortifacient:

-	General medical definition: A drug which causes the interruption of a pregnancy and the death of an embryo or fetus. (Pregnancy begins when the pre-embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus.)
-	Common pro-life definition: A drug which causes the death of any form of human life after conception.
-	The difference in definitions makes dialog concerning emergency contraception (a.k.a. the morning after pill) very difficult.

Abortion grays: This is a term used to refer to those American adults who are not strongly pro-life or pro-choice. They have reservations about abortion but do not wish to see it criminalized. They may well form the majority of adults. They are as opposed to enforced childbirth for every pregnant woman as they are to completely free access to abortion at any stage of pregnancy for any reason.

Abrahamic: (a.k.a. Abramic) A group of religions that recognize Abraham as a patriarch. This includes Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Sometimes, the Baha'i Faith is included in the list. Many smaller non-Jewish groups such as Samaritans, Falashas, Karaits, etc, also trace their spiritual roots back to Abraham, but are not often cited as Abrahamic religions.

Absentee Property Law: An Israeli law that considers all land in Israel that was abandoned by Palestinians when they were driven from Israel now belongs to the state.

Absolution: In legal terms, it is the act of a judge or jury declaring a person innocent of a crime. In a religious sense, it involves a person being freed from guilt or sin. In the Roman Catholic Church, a priest can declare the sins of a penitent person to be forgiven if they sincerely plan to avoid such behavior in the future.

Absolutism:

-	The belief that absolute truths exist in the field of ethics and morality. Typically, these truths are extracted from a holy text. Antonym is relativism.
-	The concept that a monarchy held the ultimate authority in a state. This was typically a king who claimed to rule by divine right.

Acolyte: (From a Greek word for "follower") A layperson who performs minor duties during a religious service.

Activism: Promoting social change. In a religious sense, the term is often used by Fundamentalist and other Evangelical Christians to refer to the expression of the gospel in various ways, including missionary outreach and social reform.

Activist judges: A term, typically used by social or religious conservatives, to refer to judges who give state or federal constitutions priority over ordinary laws, and rule in favor of equal justice and liberty for all persons, regardless of gender, race, sexual orientation, degree of ability, etc.

AD: (a.k.a. A.D.) An acronym for anno domini, the year of the Lord. It refers to the number of years since the birth of Yeshua of Nazareth, a.k.a. Jesus Christ. In reality, Jesus was born probably in the Fall of a year between 4 and 7 BCE. "CE," an acronym for the religiously neutral term "common era" is gradually replacing "AD."

Adhan: The Muslim call to prayer, typically from the minaret at a mosque.

Adoptionism: A belief, universally held within the earliest Christian movement, and still active in the 2nd and 3rd century CE, that Jesus was a normal human being, a prophet, who was born as any other human, and is not a deity. God later gave him supernatural powers at his baptism when God chose Jesus as his "adopted" son. Adoptionism was declared a heresy by a number of early church councils.

Advent: From the Latin word "adventus" or coming: A period of time before Christmas, beginning on the Sunday closest to NOV-30 when the birth of Jesus is recalled. Advent candles are often lit.

African Independent Churches (AICs; a.k.a. African Indigenous Churches): African-based Christian faith groups which range from variations of Western denominations to syncretistic tribal groups which combine selective elements of Christianity with local existing traditions.

Agape: A Greek word for love that is found frequently in the Christian Scriptures (New Testament) in noun form as "agape" and in verb form as "agapao." ¹ It is different from erotic love. It is supposed to be the characteristic attitude of Christians toward one another, (John 13:34), and toward all humanity, 1 Thessalonians. 3:12; 1 Corinthians 16:14; 2 Peter 1:7.

Agnostic: a person who believes that, at our present level of knowledge, we cannot know whether or not a God exists. Some Agnostics believe that we can never know whether one or more deities exists.

Agunah: A Jewish woman who is not free to remarry, generally because her husband refuses to give her a get (divorce), or because he has disappeared and not known to be alive or dead, or because he is not mentally competent to give her a get.

Ahimsa: Taking care and concern to avoid injury to any sentient creature. This is the first of the five precepts of Buddhist life and a major principle of Jainism.

Alawis: An sect of Islam that originated in the Shia tradition. Many of its followers live in Syria.

Alexandrian School: One of the two great schools of biblical interpretation in the early Church. They incorporated Greek Pagan philosophical beliefs from Plato's teachings into Christianity. They interpreted much of the Bible allegorically. The school was was established in Alexandria, Egypt in the late second century CE.

Alim (single), Ulama (plural): Islamic scholar(s).

Aliyah: A Jewish term which means an immigration of Jews to Israel. An "oleh" is a single Jew immigrating into Israel. (Plural is "olim").

Allah: This is an Arabic word which means "the One True God." Most Muslims in the West use Allah and God interchangeably.

Al-Hijra: An Islamic holy day that recalls the trek by Mohammed and his followers to Medina.

Al-Sajdah: This is the the act of prostration by a Muslim during which seven parts of the body are to touch the ground: the forehead, palms, knees and big toes.

Allegory: Interpreting religious texts sybmolically.

All Saints Day: A Christian day of remembrance of the saints of the faith- both recognized and unknown. It has been observed since 609 CE. The Western church celebrates it on NOV-1; Eastern Orthodox churches celebrate All Saints Day in the springtime -- on the Sunday after Pentecost.

All Souls' Day (a.k.a. the Day of the Dead), is celebrated yearly on NOV-2. This is a day for prayer and almsgiving in memory of ancestors who have died. Believers pray for the souls of the dead, in an effort to hasten their transition from Purgatory to Heaven. It is primarily observed by Roman Catholics.

Altar: A table-like structure originally used for ritual sacrifice of animals, and occasionally of humans. Now used as a central focus in Jewish, Christian, Neopagan, and other religious services.

Amen: The word is related to "Emunah" in Hebrew, which means faith and/or belief. Adding "Amen" at the end of "...a blessing or a prayer demonstrates a statement of affirmation that the blessing is true and hope that the prayer will be answered." "Amen" is also a near acronym; its four letters stand for the three Hebrew words: "Aiy'l Melech Ne-eman" which mean that God is a true and faithful king. ²

Amillennialism: (a.k.a Nonmillennialism) A belief taught by Roman Catholicism, and some Reformed Protestantism and Baptist churches concerning the end of the world. We are currently in the "millennium." End time events described in the book of Revelation and elsewhere in the New Testament have mostly taken place. The Antichrist is viewed figuratively and not as a real person. This was the universal belief of Christianity up until the 19th century.

Amish: A very conservative Christian group which broke away from the larger Anabaptist movement in the Alsace region in France during the late 17th century. Most Amish now live in the U.S. and Canada -- largely in Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. They isolate themselves from the larger American/Canadian culture. Most are farmers. .

Anabaptists: A European Christian movement at the time of the Protestant reformation, whose origins are a matter of debate. They believed in adult baptism, freedom of belief, separation of church and state, the rejection of war, and other beliefs that were rather advanced for their time. They were terrible persecuted, both by Roman Catholicism and Protestant churches. The Amish and Mennonites trace their origins to the Anabaptists. Some theologians and historians include the Society of Friends (Quakers) and Moravians as Anabaptist denominations.

Anagogy: From the Greek word "anago" - to lead. Interpreting the scriptures, or other writings, mystically, in order to uncover a hidden meanings.

Ancestor worship: The veneration or worship of deceased people by their living kin. It exists, sometimes integrated as part of a world religion, in about 60% of the world's cultures.

Angel: The English word comes from the Greek "angelos" (messenger). In the Bible they were described as an intelligent and immortal species, usually presented as being visually indistinguishable from humans -- i.e. with a human body and without wings. They delivered messages from God, and either harmed or helped humans. Satan is described in the Bible as an evil angel. Because the Bible's cosmology asserts that the earth was flat, that it was covered by a metal firmament or dome, and that God resided in Heaven above the dome, angels have often been portrayed as having wings so that they could fly like birds from Heaven to earth and back. Angels play a major role in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the New Age.

Angelology: The theological study of angels. This is primarily found in Christianity.

Anglicanism: The beliefs and organization of the Church of England and the national churches that together form the Anglican Communion. The Communion includes the Episcopal Church in the U.S. and the Anglican Church of Canada. The denomination is theologically diverse, having members whose beliefs range from Fundamentalism to liberal Christianity and from homophobia to support for equal rights for persons of all sexual orientations. The Communion is coordinated by the Lambeth Conference which meets once every decade.

Anglo-Catholicism: A movement within the Anglican Communion which promotes a return to pre-Reformation beliefs and rituals, including the mass, confession and monasticism.

Animism: a type of religious belief that all components of the universe, including humans, animals, plant life, rocks, etc. contain some form of life force, soul or spirit. Some are seen as friendly spirits; others as tricksters. "While animists can be found in almost all Asian countries, they are more than 5% of the population only in Laos. Animists are between 1% and 5% of the population in Burma, India, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Malaysia, and Vietnam." ³

Aninut: A Jewish term covering the interval between a person's death and burial.

Annihilationism: (a.k.a. conditionalism and conditional immortality). From the Latin word "nihil" -- which means nothing. This an umbrella term used to refer to a group of beliefs about life after death. They are:

-	After death, unsaved people will immediately cease to exist in any form. This is taught by most Adventist groups, by the Jehovah's Witnesses and other Christian groups. This contrasts with the historical Christian belief that the unsaved will be tortured for all eternity in Hell without hope of mercy or cessation. Both views can be supported by selected biblical passages.
-	The belief that unsaved people spend an interval of time in Hell. Their length of stay is matched to the frequency and seriousness of their evil deeds. They are then exterminated and cease to exist. This view is also supported by some biblical passages.
-	The belief -- common among Agnostics, Atheists, Humanists, secularists and others -- that after death everyone will automatically cease to exist. After death, we live on only in the DNA that we have passed on to the next generation, and in the influences that we have had on other people and society while we were alive.

Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary: This is a Christian holy day which recalls the Archangel's announcement to Mary of her pregnancy.

Annunciation: This refers to the announcement to Joseph (in Matthew 1:20) and to Mary (Luke 1:26-35) of Jesus' future birth.

Antedeluvian: The interval of time preceding the great flood of Noah, described in Genesis 2:6-8. Some Christians believe that the climate was more uniform that it is at the present, and that the earth was surrounded by a gigantic vapor cloud. All or essentially all geologists reject these beliefs.

Anthem: A Christian term for a hymn whose words come from the Bible.

Anthropology: The study of humanity and human cultures.

Anthropomorphism: The representation of a non-human as a human. God in the earlier parts of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) is described in human terms, as having a body. Sometimes anthropomorphism is extended to animals who are assumed to have human feelings.

Antibaptists: (not to be confused with Anabaptists):

-	Christians who deny the validity of baptism. Most believe that water baptism has been replaced by spirit baptism.
-	Christians who do not recognize earlier baptism that convert's from other denominations had received.

Antichrist: An individual whose appearance is prophesized in two books of the Christian Scriptures (1 John and 2 John). He is expected by some Christians to appear near the End Time, when he will act as Satan's chief representative. The pope, Ronald Reagan, Bill Gates, Hitler, Stalin, and many other people have been called the Antichrist. So has at least one computer system.

Anticult Movement (ACM): A mainly secular movement which opposes new religious movements (NRMs) because of their perceived deceptive recruiting practices and mind-control techniques. Many small ACM groups coalesced into several large ACM organizations starting in the early 1970's. Their beliefs that many NRMs drive their members to suicide and reduce their followers to near-zombie status has been widely accepted among the public. However, most sociologists and other academics reject these teachings. Counter-cult organizations -- groups that oppose NRMs on theological grounds -- are considered by some to be part of the ACM.

Antidisestablishmentarianism: Being opposed to the belief that there should no longer be an official church a the country. The word is sometimes quoted as the longest word in the English language. The longest word in any language may well be the Welsh name of a town in Wales: Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.

Antinomianism:

-	The belief that once a believer is saved, they are not bound to follow moral laws.
-	The belief that a saved believer can freely sin because he is forgiven of past and future transgressions.

Antiochan School: One of the two great schools of biblical interpretation in the early Church. They incorporated Greek Pagan beliefs from Aristotle's teachings into Christianity.

Anti-semitism: (a.k.a. Anti-Semitism, antisemitism) Hatred, prejudice, oppression, or discrimination against Jews or Judaism. The term is usually spelled with a capital "S" in "Semitic." We spell it with a small "s" because it Semite refers to a language group. Semites originally meant the descendents of Shem, which include both Jews and Muslims in the Middle East. Now, the term is used mainly to refer to Jews. Alan Dershowitz, in his book "The Case for Israel" defines anti-semitism as "taking a trait or an action that is widespread if not universal, and blaming only the Jews for it." In recent years, the term has been used to refer to any action or person that is critical of Jews, Judaism or the Israel.

Antitrinitarians: Christians who deny the Trinity -- that concept that God the father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit are three persons in a single deity.

Anti-zionism: A belief system opposed to the creation and continuation of Israel as a Jewish state.

Apikoros: A Jewish term for an unbeliever.

Apocalypse, apocalyptic: From a Greek word meaning "revelation." A style of mainly Jewish and Christian writing that was common from about 200 BCE to 200 CE. The writings prophesized the destruction of evil and triumph of good. Sometimes narrowly used to refer to the Book of Revelation in the Bible.

Apocatastasis: The belief that all living entities will eventually attain Heaven, including individuals sent to Hell, Satan, demons, etc. Hell will thus eventually be cleared of all of its inhabitants. This is considered a heresy by most Christian denominations. One meaning of the term "universalism" is similar to "Apocatastasis," and is a lot easier to pronounce.

Apocrypha: A Greek term meaning to hide or uncover. A collection of fourteen books written after the last book of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) and before the first book of the Christian Scriptures (New Testament). It is accepted by the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Churches as part of the inspired cannon of the Bible, but is rejected by most Protestant denominations.

Apologetics: A systematic defense of a belief system. It is derived from the Greek "apologia" which means to create a defense. See 1 Peter 3:15. Most apologetics texts are directed to members of another religion, or to secularists. However they tend to be read in practice by the faith group whose beliefs are defended. See Polemics. In Christianity:

-	Classical Apologetics: uses rational arguments to prove that God exists, and relies on evidence to support biblical claims and miracles.
-	Presuppositional Apologetics: starts with the assumption that God exists and that the Bible is true. They argue from this that their particular belief of the Trinity, salvation, Heaven, Hell, etc. is valid.
-	Evidential Apologetics: uses evidences such as miracles, fulfilled prophecies, etc. to prove that God exists and that the biblical account of Christ and his message are valid and trustworthy. ⁴

Apologist: A Christian who gives an intellectual defense of their religion.

Apostate: From the Greek apo - histanai ("depart from a stand.") A person who was once affiliated with a faith group, but has since "fallen away" and left the group. One group's apostate is generally another group's convert. Very severe penalties exist in some countries of the world against individuals who abandon the state religion in favor of another faith. It can theoretically mean execution in some Islamic countries. The Roman Catholic church stopped burning European apostates at the stake in 1792 CE.

Apostle: A Christian term to refer to Jesus' immediate followers. An apostle must generally a man was personally chosen by Jesus, and to have seen him. Sometimes, the term is used to refer only to the twelve disciples, or to the twelve disciples and Paul. Other times, it has been used to refer to the 70 disciples selected by Jesus. In Romans 16:7, Paul refers to a female apostle, Junia, as "outstanding among the apostles." (NIV)

Apostle's Creed: A summary of Christian beliefs. Many Christians believe that the Apostles personally wrote the creed so that they could coordinate their missionary efforts as they spread out through the known world. However, there is evidence that the creed was written near the end of the second century CE, about a century after the time of the apostles.

Apostolic succession: The Catholic belief that Jesus Christ ordained the twelve apostles, who ordained bishops, who in turn ordained their successors in an unbroken sequence up to the present day. Non-Catholic Christian denominations generally regard apostolic succession to be a myth.

Apparition: From the Latin word "apparere:" to appear). A paranormal incident involving the appearance of a non-existent entity or object. A visual apparition is generally called a ghost.

Appollinarianism: An early Christian belief promoted by Apollinarius (b 310) who lived in Syria. He believed that Jesus was entirely divine and had no human nature. The belief was declared a heresy, first at the Council of Alexandria (378 CE) and later at two subsequent Councils.

Aramaic: A semitic language used throughout southwest Asia. Used by Jews after the 6th century BCE.

Archangel: a member of the highest rank of angels. Only two are mentioned in the Bible: Gabriel and Michael.

Archbishop: (Derived from a Greek word for "chief overseer"). A bishop who has administrative responsibilities over an archdiocese.

Archdiocese: A diocese -- a geographical area -- that is particularly large or has an important past. Its priests are under the direction of a single archbishop. The term is used by the Roman Catholic church, the Greek Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion.

Archon: A Gnostic term which refers to the Demiurge -- the creator of the material world -- and his angels.

Areligious: Indifferent to organized religions.

Arhat: A Buddhist saint who has liberated themselves from samsara: the endless cycle of life, death and rebirth into the world. They typically lead a monastic live.

Arianism: An early Christian heresy named after Arius (250-336 CE). He taught that Jesus was not in existence for all time, but was created by God near the end of the first century BCE. He also taught a form of monotheism in which there is only one person in the Godhead -- the Father -- and not a Trinity. The church at the time was evenly divided over whether Arianism was truth or a heresy. Constantine's vote swayed the balance, and it became a heresy.

Arigocity: A word coined by Adam Bolt, an Australian photographer, to mean the acceptance of spiritual diversity. The word does not seem to have caught on yet, because the only location on the Internet where the word appears is on Bolt's personal web site. Still, it is a word that seems needed, particularly in the U.S., which is the world's most religiously diverse country.

Ark: In a religious sense, it has two unrelated meanings:

-	Noah's Ark was the boat constructed by Noah in which he and his family survived the great flood.
-	An acronym for aron kodesh (holy chest). A box in which the Torah scrolls are stored.

Armageddon: A battle that is prophesized to occur in the plain of Megiddo, Israel. Jesus and Satan, and their armies, will fight a final battle (as stated in the biblical Book of Revelation).

Arminianism: A set of Christian beliefs suggested by Arminius, a theologian from the Netherlands, in reaction to Calvin's five points. He maintained that

-	Everyone has free will and can chose to be saved;
-	God selected some individuals to be saved on the basis of his foreknowledge of who would respond;
-	Jesus died for all;
-	People can resist the call of God.
-	One cannot lose one's salvation unless they abandon it.

Calvinists regard these as a heresy. The controversy continues to the present time, because both Calvinists and Arminians can justify their positions through reference to biblical passages.

Aryan: A term used by the German Nazi government to refer to Caucasians of the Nordic type. Originally, the term referred to persons who speak an Indo-European language.

Asa, Бs. Жsir: The name for the Gods in Norse Heathenism, either as individuals or as a collective.

Ascended Masters: A New Age belief that there are spiritual, non-physical, entities who live on an astral plane and can communicate spiritual truths to humans through channeling.

Ascension: In Christianity, this refers to the belief that Jesus ascended to heaven to sit at God's right hand. According to two gospels, Luke, Jesus ascended to heaven on a Monday, the day after his resurrection. Acts explained that it occurred 40 days later.

Ascension, feast of (a.k.a. ascention day): A Christian holy day celebrating Jesus' ascension from Earth to Heaven. It is celebrated on a Thursday, 40 days after Easter Sunday.

Ascension of Abdul Baha: A celebration by the Baha'i Faith of Abdul Baha's spirit rising to heaven.

Ascension of Baha'u'llah: A remembrance by the Baha'i faith of the death of its founder, Mirza Husayn Ali, and the ascension of his spirit to heaven.

Asceticism: The belief that a conflict exists between one's body and spirit. By renouncing the needs and desires of the body, one can attain a higher spirituality. This is concept is found in many religions and faith groups, from Christianity to Native American spirituality.

Ashkenazi: A term referring to Jews of eastern and northern European origin. See also Sephardi.

Ashoora: A one-day fast in which Muslims recall the death of Imam Hussain, the grandson of the Prophet of Islam. He sacrificed his life and the lives of many of his family members and friends in Karbala Iraq, in order to preserve the teachings of Islam. ⁶

Ashram: A Hindu term for a religious retreat center where a student can learn under the guidance of a guru (teacher).

Ash Wednesday: This is the first day of Lent, observed by Christians. It is held on the Wednesday which is 40 days prior to Easter.

Assimilation: Becoming integrated into mainstream culture.

Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary:

-	A Roman Catholic holy day which commemorates the Virgin Mary's death and direct ascension to heaven.
-	The declaration on 1950-NOV-1 that the Virgin Mary's body and soul directly ascended to heaven. This event does not appear in the Bible. However, it has been argued on the basis that Jesus would not have allowed his mother's body to decay in the earth.

Astral plane: A plane of existence that is separate from, but which overlaps, the physical world.

Astral projection: A practice among some Pagans and New Agers whereby they believe that they can transfer their consciousness from the physical world to the astral plane.

Astrology: a belief that the positions of the planets affect events and states of being on earth. It was developed independently in Greece and India circa 300 BCE.

Athame: A knife, typically double sided with either a black or natural wood handle used by Wiccans and other Neopagans during rituals.

Atheism: from a Greek term meaning no deity.

-	According to many Atheists: having no belief about a deity.
-	According to most non-Atheists, actively denying that a deity exists.

Atheist: A person who believes in Atheism.

Atlantis: An sunken island. generally believed to be in the Atlantic ocean, which some people assert once held an advanced civilization.

Atonement: In general, an act that unites enemies as friends. In Judaism, it refers to a process of healing the relationship between God and humans achieved through repentance, seeking forgiveness and making amends. In Christianity, the doctrine that Christ's death has the power of canceling the sins of those Christians who are "saved."

Atonement, limited: One of the five points of Calvinism: Christ died to atone for certain sins of specific individuals -- only those who are elected by God to be saved. He did not die for the all sins of all humanity.

Attributes of God: God, as viewed by followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam is traditionally thought to be omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing), omnipresent (present everywhere) and omnibeneficient (all loving). The theodicy paradox addresses the apparent impossibility of God holding these four attributes simultaneously. Other attributes include holy, good, wise, and just.

Aura: An energy field believed by some to surround humans or objects. Some people believe that they can detect an aura visually and determine an individual's emotional and physical state from its color and variation. ⁵

Authoritarianism: A system of control in a group, family, country, religion, etc. in which most members are heavily controlled by a few.

Authority, Bible: Biblical authority is the belief -- near universally held among conservative Christians -- that: "the Bible, as the expression of God's will to us, possesses the right supremely to define what we are to believe and how we are to conduct ourselves." ⁷ Steven Ibbotson states: "The Bible is authoritative because it is God's inspired word to humanity." ⁸ Religious liberals commonly discount some sections of the Bible as authoritative because they are judged to be profoundly immoral when compared to today's religious and secular moral standards.

Authorized Version: Synonym for the King James Version of the Bible.

Autosoterism: The belief that a person is responsible for their own salvation which is attained through their good works.

Avatar: A Hindu concept of a God adopting a human or animal form. A God-man Krishna is an avatar of Vishnu.

Averah (a.k.a. aveira): A Jewish term for sin.

Ayyam-I-Ha: The first intercalary day, required to balance the Baha'i calendar. Members of the Baha'i faith engage in acts of hospitality and charity towards others on this day.

References:

"Bible Love" at: http://www.bibletruths.net/
"Amen - Meaning & Implication," at: http://www.geocities.com/
Joseph Tamney, "Animism," at: http://www.hartfordinstitute.org/
"Apologetics," The Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry, at: http://www.carm.org/
If you believe that you can detect auras, and would be willing to prove it, then you may be eligible to win an award of over one million dollars in U.S. funds from a Florida group. Please contact the author for details.
"Learning about Islam," at: http://www.al-islam.org/
Millard J. Erickson, "Christian Theology," Baker, (1985), Page 241.
Steven Ibbotson, "Biblical Authority," Prairie Bible Institute, (2000), at: http://instructor.pbi.ab.ca

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