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Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron, who made the explicit link between... Read the full article…
Scottish Gaelic language
Scottish Gaelic (Scottish Gaelic: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic and Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well as both Irish and Manx, developed out of Old Irish. Read the full article…
Cornish language
Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family. It is a revived language, having become extinct as a living community language in Cornwall at the end of the 18th century. However, knowledge of Cornish, including speaking ability to a certain extent, continued to be… Read the full article…
Manx language
Manx (Gaelg or Gailck, pronounced [ɡilɡ] or [ɡilk] or [ɡeːlɡ]), also known as Manx Gaelic or Manks, is a Goidelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family… Read the full article…
Ojibwe language
Ojibwe /oʊˈdʒɪbweɪ/, also known as Ojibwa /oʊˈdʒɪbwə/, Ojibway or Otchipwe, is an indigenous language of North America of the Algonquian language family. The language is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names and frequently local writing systems.…
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Dogrib language
The Dogrib language or Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì is a Northern Athabaskan language spoken by the Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib people) of the Canadian Northwest Territories. According to Statistics Canada in 2011, there were 2,080 people who speak Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì…
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Slavey language
Slavey (Read the full article…
Inuktitut
Inuktitut (Read the full article…
Inuinnaqtun
Inuinnaqtun (IPA: [inuinːɑqtun]; natively meaning like the real human beings/peoples), is an indigenous Inuit language of Canada and a dialect of Inuvialuktun. It is related very closely to Inuktitut…
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Gwichʼin language
The Gwichʼin language (Dinju Zhuh Kʼyuu) belongs to the Athabaskan language family and is spoken by the Gwichʼin First Nation (Canada) / Alaska Native People (United States). It is also known in older or dialect-specific publications as Kutchin, Takudh, Tukudh, or Loucheux…
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Cree language
Cree (also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 117,000 people across Canada, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador. If it was classified as one language, it is the aboriginal language with the highest number of speakers in Canada…
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Chipewyan language
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Inuvialuktun
Inuvialuktun , also known as Western Canadian Inuit , Western Canadian Inuktitut , and Western Canadian Inuktun , comprises several Inuit language varieties spoken in the northern Northwest Territories and Nunavut by those Canadian Inuit who call themselves Inuvialuit…
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Athabaskan languages
Athabaskan (also spelled Athabascan, Athapaskan or Athapascan, and also known as Dene) is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three groups of contiguous languages: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or Apachean)…
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Tangwang language
The Tangwang language (Chinese: 唐汪话 Tángwàng huà) is a variety of Mandarin Chinese heavily influenced by the Mongolic Santa language (Dongxiang) . It is spoken in a dozen or so villages in Dongxiang Autonomous County, Gansu Province, China…
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Tok Pisin
Tok Pisin is a creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an official language of Papua New Guinea and…
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Torres Strait Creole
Torres Strait Creole (also Torres Strait Pidgin, Yumplatok, Torres Strait Brokan/Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole, Papuan Pidgin English, Broken English, Brokan/Broken, Blaikman, Big Thap) is an English-based creole language spoken on several Torres Strait Islands (Queensland, Australia)…
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Trinidadian Creole
Trinidadian Creole is a creole language commonly spoken throughout Trinidad. It is distinct from Tobagonian Creole – particularly at the basilectal level – and from other Lesser Antillean English creoles…
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Sranan Tongo
Sranan (also Sranan Tongo or Sranantongo "Surinamese tongue", Surinaams, Surinamese, Suriname Creole, Taki Taki) is a creole language spoken as…
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Singlish
Colloquial Singaporean English, better known as Singlish, is an English-based creole language spoken in Singapore.…
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Liberian Kreyol language
Kreyol (Liberian Pidgin English, Vernacular Liberian English) is an English-based pidgin spoken in Liberia. It was spoken by 1,500,000 people as a second language (1984 census) which is about 70% of the population in that time…
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Krio language
Sierra Leonean Creole or Krio is the lingua franca and the de facto national language spoken throughout the West African nation of Sierra Leone…
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Jamaican Patois
Jamaican Patois, known locally as Patois (Patwa or Patwah) and called Jamaican Creole by linguists, is an English-based creole language with West African influences (a majority of loan words of Akan origin)…
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Bahamian Creole
Bahamianese or Bahamian Dialect is an English-based creole language spoken by approximately 400,000 people in the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands…
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Hawaiian Pidgin
Hawaiian Pidgin English, Hawaiian Creole English, HCE, or locally known as simply Pidgin, is a creole languagebased in part on English – spoken by many residents of Hawaii…
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Guyanese Creole
Guyanese Creole (Creolese by its speakers: or simply Guyanese) is an English-based creole language spoken by people in Guyana. Linguistically, it is similar to other English dialects of the Caribbean region…
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Gullah language
Gullah (also called Sea Island Creole English and Geechee) is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called «Geechees» within the community), an African-American population living on…
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Bajan Creole
Bajan (/ˈbeɪdʒən/) is an English-based creole language spoken on the Caribbean island of Barbados. In general, the people of Barbados speak standard English on TV and radio, in courthouses…
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Bislama
Bislama (English /ˈbɪsləmɑː/; Bislama: [bislaˈma]; also known under its earlier name in French Bichelamar [biʃlamaʁ]) is a creole language, one of the official languages of Vanuatu…
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Belizean Creole
Belize Kriol English (also Kriol or Belizean Creole) is an English-based creole language closely related to Miskito Coastal Creole, Jamaican Patois, San Andrés-Providencia Creole, Bocas del Toro Creole, Colón Creole, Rio Abajo Creole and Limón Coastal Creole…
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Antillean Creole French
Antillean Creole is a French-based creole, which is primarily spoken in the Lesser Antilles. Its grammar and vocabulary include elements of Carib and African languages...
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Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic, also known as Old Church Slavic (often abbreviated to OCS; self-name словѣ́ньскъ ѩзꙑ́къ,slověnĭskŭ językŭ), was the first Slavic literary language…
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Montenegrin language
Montenegrin /ˌmɒntɪˈniːɡrɪn/ (crnogorski/црногорски) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian used byMontenegrins and the official language of Montenegro. Standard Montenegrin is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian…
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Kashubian language
Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian: kaszëbsczi jãzëk, pòmòrsczi jãzëk, kaszëbskò-słowińskô mòwa; Polish: język kaszubski, język pomorski, język kaszubsko-słowiński) is one of the Lechitic languages, a subgroup of the Slavic languages…
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Upper Sorbian language
Upper Sorbian (Hornjoserbšćina, German: Obersorbisch) is a minority language spoken by Sorbs in Germany in the historical province of Upper Lusatia (Hornja Łužica in Sorbian), which is today part of Saxony. It is grouped in the West Slavic language branch, together with Lower Sorbian, Czech, Polish, Slovak and Kashubian…
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Lower Sorbian language
Lower Sorbian (Dolnoserbski) is a Slavic minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia, today part of Brandenburg. It is one of the two literary Sorbian languages, the other being Upper Sorbian…
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Belarusian language
Belarusian (/bɛləˈruːsiən/; беларуская мова, Belarusian pronunciation: [bʲelaˈruskaja ˈmova], BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova) is an official language of Belarus, along with Russian, and is spoken abroad, chiefly in Russia, Ukraine, and Poland…
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Rusyn language
Rusyn /ˈruːsɨn/ (Rusyn: русиньска бесїда or русиньскый язык), also known in English as Ruthene UK /rʊˈθiːn/US /ruːˈθiːn/ (sometimes Ruthenian), is an East Slavic language variety spoken by the Rusyns of Eastern Europe…
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Sardinian language
Sardinian (sardu, limba / lingua sarda) is a Romance language spoken on three-quarters of the island of Sardinia (Italy)…
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Romansh language
Romansh (also spelled Romansch, Rumantsch, or Romanche; Romansh: rumantsch, rumauntsch, romontsch, rumàntsch) is a Romance language spoken predominantly in the southeastern Swiss canton of Grisons(Graubünden), where it has official status alongside German and Italian and is used as the medium of instruction of schools in Romansh-speaking areas…
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Picard language
Picard is a language or a set of languages closely related to French, and as such is one of the larger group of Romance languages. It is spoken in two regions in the far north of France—Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy—and in parts of the Belgian region of Wallonia…
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Occitan language
Occitan (English pronunciation: /ˈɒksɨtən, -tæn, -tɑːn/; Occitan: [utsiˈta]; French: [ɔksitɑ̃]), also known as lenga d’òc (Occitan: [ˈleŋɡɔ ˈðɔ(k)]; French: langue d’oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language…
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Norman language
Norman (Nourmaund, French: Normand, Guernésiais: Normand, Jèrriais: Nouormand) is a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with Picard and Walloon. The name Norman-French is sometimes used to describe not only the Norman language, but also the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used inEngland…
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Mirandese language
The Mirandese language (autonym: mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa; Portuguese: mirandês or língua mirandesa) is a Romance language belonging to the Astur-Leonese linguistic group, sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal…
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Leonese language
The term Leonese (llionés), in the narrow sense described in this article, refers to certain vernacular Romance dialects which are spoken in northern and western portions of the historical region of León in Spain (modern provinces of León, Zamora, andSalamanca), and in a few adjoining areas in Portugal. In this narrow sense, Leonese is different from the dialects grouped under Asturian…
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Latin language
Latin (i/ˈlætɪn/; Latin: lingua latīna, IPA: [ˈliŋɡwa laˈtiːna]; the noun lingua, “tongue” and “language”, and the adjective latinus, latina and latinum in its three genders, “Latin”) is an ancient Italic language originally spoken by the Italic Latins in Latiumand Ancient Rome…
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Ladin language
Ladin (Ladin: Ladin, Italian: Ladino, German: Ladinisch) is a language consisting of a group of dialects (which some consider part of a unitary Rhaeto-Romance language) mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in South Tyrol, the Trentino and theprovince of Belluno. It is closely related to the Swiss Romansh and Friulian…
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Galician language
Galician (/ɡəˈlɪʃən/ or /ɡəˈlɪsi.ən/; galego [ɡaˈleɣo]) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch. It is spoken by some 3 million people, mainly in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it is official along with Spanish…
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Friulian language
Friulian or Friulan (furlan (help·info) or affectionately marilenghe in Friulian, friulano in Italian, Furlanisch in German, furlanščina in Slovene; also Friulian), is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance family, spoken in the Friuli region of northeasternItaly. Friulian has around 300,000 speakers, the vast majority of whom also speak Italian. It is sometimes called Eastern Ladin, since it shares the same roots as Ladin...
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Franco-Provençal language
Franco-Provençal (Francoprovençal), Arpitan, or Romand (in Switzerland) (Vernacular: francoprovençâl, arpetan, patouès; Italian: francoprovenzale, arpitano; French: francoprovençal, arpitan, patois) is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in east-central France, western Switzerland, and northwestern Italy...
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Corsican language
Corsican (corsu or lingua corsa) is an Italo-Dalmatian Romance language spoken and written on the islands of Corsica (France) and northern Sardinia (Italy). Corsican was long the vernacular language alongside Italian, the official language in Corsica until 1859; afterwards Italian was replaced by French, owing to the acquisition of the island by France from Genoa in 1768…
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Asturian language
Asturian (/æsˈtʊəriən/; autonym: asturianu [astuˈɾjanu], or bable [ˈbaβle]) is
a Romance language of the West Iberian group, Astur-Leonese subgroup, spoken in Asturias (Spain). Asturian is also known as Astur-Leonese or
Asturian-Leonese to refer to the language in its historical and current global expansion…
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Aragonese language
Aragonese (/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/; aragonés [aɾaɣoˈnes] in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken by between 10,000 and 30,000 people throughout the valleys of the Pyrenees in Aragon, Spain, mainly in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza....
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Breton language
Breton /ˈbrɛtən/ (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken in Brittany (Breton: Breizh; French: Bretagne), France. Breton is a Brittonic languagebrought from Great Britain to Armorica by migrating Britons during the Early Middle Ages; it is thus an Insular Celtic language and not closely related to the Gaulish language. Breton is most closely related to Cornish, as both are Southwestern Brittonic languages. Welsh and the extinct Cumbric are the more distantly-related Brittonic languages....
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Tironian notes
Tironian notes (notae Tironianae) is a system of shorthand said to have been invented by Cicero's scribe Marcus Tullius Tiro. Tiro's system consisted of about 4,000 signs, somewhat extended in classical times to 5,000 signs. In the European Medieval period, Tironian notes were taught in monasteries and the system was extended to about 13,000 signs...
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Gaelic type
Gaelic type (sometimes called Irish character, Irish type, or Gaelic script) is a family of insular typefaces devised for printing Irish. It was widely used from the 16th until the mid-20th centuries but is today rarely used. Sometimes all Gaelic typefaces are called Celtic or uncial, though most Gaelic types are not uncials...
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Indo-Pacific languages
Indo-Pacific is a hypothetical language macrofamily proposed in 1971 by Joseph Greenberg. Supporters see it as an extremely ancient and internally diverse family. It would group into a single language family the Papuan languages of New Guinea and Melanesia, and also includes the languages of the Andaman Islands and the languages of Tasmania, both of which are remote from New Guinea...
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Indo-Aryan languages
The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent, spoken largely by Indo-Aryan people. They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family. Indo-Aryan speakers form about one half of all Indo-European speakers...
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Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
Some theonyms, proper names and other terminology of the Mitanni are considered to form (part of) an Indo-Aryan superstrate, suggesting that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the Hurrian population in the course of the Indo-Aryan expansion...
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Indus script
The term Indus script (also Harappan script)
refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Indus Valley
Civilization, in use during the Mature Harappan period, between
the 26th and 20th centuries BC...
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Kharosthi script
The Kharoṣṭhī script is an
ancient Indic script used by the Gandhara culture of ancient Northwest
India (primarily modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India)
to write the Gāndhārī language (a dialect of Prakrit)
and the Sanskrit language...
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Gupta script
The Gupta script (sometimes referred
to as Gupta Brahmi Script or Late Brahmi Script) was used for writing
Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which
was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific
developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brahmi and gave
rise to the Nagari, Sharada and Siddham scripts...
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Brahmi script
Brāhmī is the modern name given
to the one of the oldest scripts used on the Indian Subcontinent
and in Central Asia, during the final centuries BCE and the early
centuries CE. Like its contemporary, Kharoṣṭhī,
which was used in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India,
Brahmi was an abugida. The best-known Brahmi inscriptions are the
rock-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central India, dated to 250-232
BCE...
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The Brāhmīc scripts
are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout
South Asia (including Pakistan and Afghanistan), Southeast Asia,
and parts of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī
script of the ancient India...
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Prakrit
Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit)
(Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत,
Shauraseni:pāuda पाउद, Maharashtri:pāua
पाउअ) is the name for a group of Middle
Indo-Aryan languages, derived from dialects of Old Indo-Aryan languages...
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The Pali language
Pali (also Pāḷi) is a Middle
Indo-Aryan language that is in the Prakrit language group and was
indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. It is a dead language that
is widely studied because it is the language of many of the earliest
extant Buddhist scriptures as collected in the Pāḷi Canon,
or Tipitaka, and it is the liturgical language of Theravada
Buddhism...
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List of languages by number of native speakers
in India
India is home to several hundred languages. Most
Indians speak a language belonging to the families of the Indo-Aryan
branch of Indo-European (ca.74%), the Dravidian (ca. 24%), the Austroasiatic
(Munda) (ca. 1.2%), or the Tibeto-Burman (ca. 0.6%), with some languages
of the Himalayas still unclassified. The SIL Ethnologue lists 415
living languages for India...
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Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent
The languages of India are divided into two large
groups, the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages, with
a smaller number of languages belonging to unrelated phyla such
as Tibeto-Burman. Linguistic records begin with the appearance of
the Brāhmī script from about the 6th century BCE...
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Languages with official status in India
The central level official language of the Republic
of India is Hindi in the Devanagari script and English. Each Indian
state can legislate its own official language. Hindi is a major
language spoken by nearly 40 percent of Indians and no other language
is spoken by more than 10% of the population of India. English,
widely used in business and politics, was retained for official
use for the convenience of non Hindi speakers...
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Siddhaṃ alphabet
Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit सिद्धं,
“accomplished” or “perfected”; Tibetanསིད་དྷཾ།;
Chinese: 悉曇文字; pinyin: Xītán
wénzi; Japanese: 梵字, bonji; Middle
Chinese (Baxter-Sagart): sit-dom mjun-dziH), also known in its later
evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā,
is the name of a North Indian script used for writing Sanskrit...
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Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit has a number of linguistic features
which are alien to most other Indo-European languages. Prominent
examples include: phonologically, the introduction of retroflexes,
which alternate with dentals; morphologically, the formation of
gerunds; and syntactically, the use of a quotative marker ("iti").
Such features, as well as the presence of non-Indo-European vocabulary,
are attributed to a local substratum of languages encountered by
Indo-Aryan peoples in Central Asia and within the Indian subcontinent...
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Languages of India
The Languages of India belong to several language
families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by
74% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 23% of Indians.
Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman,
and a few minor language families and isolates....
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Sanskrit grammar
The grammar of the Sanskrit language has a complex
verbal system, rich nominal declension, and extensive use of compound
nouns. It was studied and codified by Sanskrit grammarians from
the later Vedic period (roughly 8th century BC), culminating in
the Pāṇinian grammar of the
4th century BC...
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Sanskrit
Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, the
primary liturgical language of Hinduism and a literary and scholarly
language in Buddhism and Jainism. Today, it is listed as one of
the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language
of the state of Uttarakhand...
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Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit is an Old Indo-Aryan language. It
is an archaic form of Sanskrit, an early descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian.
It is closely related to Avestan, the oldest preserved Iranian language.
Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest attested language of the Indo-Iranian
branch of the Indo-European family...
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How to say hello in different languages
Acknowledge that the mostly-universal, non-verbal
way to greet others is a simple handshake or wave in the English-speaking
world. However, other gestures such as various forms of bowing,
embraces, or even applause are used as non-verbal greetings in other
parts of the world. Always make sure you are not insulting anyone
with uncommon gestures in that particular country...
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Words of Greek Origin
Greek is undoubtedly a language of special importance
that has been used for centuries to express and refine philosophical
and scientific concepts. It is not by chance that the international
scientific language has formed, and continues to form, many of its
terms by borrowing Greek root words. While all languages lend and
borrow words, it appears that the Greek language has contributed
an extraordinarily large number of important words of to modern
languages...
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Dravidian languages
The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately
85 languages, spoken by around 200 million people. They are mainly
spoken in southern India and parts of eastern and central India
as well as in northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh,
Afghanistan, Iran, and overseas in other countries such as Malaysia
and Singapore. Among them Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam are
the members with the most speakers. There are also small groups
of Dravidian-speaking scheduled tribes, who live beyond the mainstream
communities...
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Proto-Dravidian language
Proto-Dravidian is the proto-language of the Dravidian
languages. Proto-languages are, by definition, hypothetical languages
reconstructed by linguists, and hence no proto-language has any
historical record. So is the case with Proto-Dravidian...
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Tibeto-Burman languages
The Tibeto-Burman family of languages, often considered
a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, consists of languages
spoken in various central, east, south and southeast Asian countries,
including Burma (Myanmar), Tibet, northern Thailand, Vietnam, Laos,
parts of southwest and central China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and
Hunan), northern mountains and middle hills of Nepal, eastern parts
of Bangladesh (Chittagong Division), Bhutan, northern parts of Pakistan
(Baltistan), and various regions of India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
the Ladakh and Kargil regions of Jammu and Kashmir, and North-East
India)...
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Devanagari
Devanagari (pronounced /ˌdeɪvəˈnɑːɡəriː/; Hindustani: [d̪eːʋˈnaːɡri]; देवनागरी
Devanāgarī — compound of "Deva" (देव)
the half-human/demi-divine and "nágari" (नगर) literally "to talk", or — dialect: “A dialect of Devas”),
also called Nagari (Nāgarī, the name of
its parent writing system), is an abugida alphabet of India and
Nepal. It is written from left to right, does not have distinct
letter cases, and is recognizable (along with most other North Indic
scripts, with the Gujarati script being an exception) by a horizontal
line that runs along the top of full letters...
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Brahmic family of scripts
The Brahmic or Indic scripts are a family of abugida
(alphabetic-syllabary) writing systems. They are used throughout
South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and East Asia,
and are descended from the Brāhmī script of the ancient Indian subcontinent.
They are used by languages of several language families: Indo-European,
Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian,
Tai, and possibly influenced Korean (hangul). They were also the
source of the dictionary order of Japanese kana...
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Nastaʿlīq script
Nastaʿlīq (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;
نستعلیق nastaʿlīq)
is one of the main script styles used in writing the Perso-Arabic
script, and traditionally the predominant style in Persian calligraphy.
It was developed in Iran in the 14th and 15th centuries. Although
it is sometimes used to write Arabic-language text (where it is
known as Taʿliq or Farsi and is mainly
used for titles and headings), it has always been more popular in
the Persian, Turkic, and South Asian spheres of influence...
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Middle Indo-Aryan languages
The Middle Indo-Aryan (Middle Indic) languages are
the early medieval dialects of the Indo-Aryan languages, the descendants
of the Old Indo-Aryan dialects such as Sanskrit, and the predecessors
of the late medieval languages such as Apabhramsha or Abahatta,
which eventually evolved into the contemporary Indo-Aryan languages,
including Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Oriya, Bengali, and Punjabi...
Read
the full article...
The most widely spoken languages in the world
The most widely spoken language and the countries
they are spoken in. The scheme...
Read
the full article...
The languages Olympics
The most widely spoken language in the world...
Read
the full article...
Tocharian
Tocharian, or Tokharian, is one of the most obscure
branches of the Indo-European languages and was only discovered
by chance in archaeological expeditions to Chinese Turkestan in
the early 20th century, when discoveries of amazing art treasures
and ancient culture along the old silk road sparked great international
interest in the area. Based on Old Turkic manuscripts which referred
to these speakers as the "Twghry," they were labelled
as the Tocharoi, a tribe mentioned in classical Greek writings as
having lived in Bactria (eastern Iran and Afghanistan) during the
second century after Christ...
Read
the full article...
Maltese
It is the official language of Malta, and hence also
one of the official languages of the European Union. It descends
from Maghrebi Arabic and is the only Semitic language written with
the Latin alphabet. It bears strong similarities to North African
Arabic dialects. Malta may have been first visited by the Phoenicians,
who probably found the island uninhabited but used it as a temporary
docking station for their ships...
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the full article...
Guarani
At around 3000BC there were three ethnic populations
dominating in South America: the Andeans in the west, the Arawaks
in the north, and the Tupi-Guarani, who probably had a greater population
than the other two and who had great territorial extension. Apparently
the Tupi-Guarani had emigrated from Central America, the Tupis continuing
eastward and north up the Amazon, where they further developed the
Tupis branch of the language...
Read
the full article...
German Language and Nation - a Brief History
German is a member of the western branch of the Germanic
family of languages, which in turn is part of the Indo-European
language family.
There are 90 -120 million native German speakers around the world
and, according to Guinness book of world records, most translations
performed in the world are into and from German. 32% of the EU-15
countries say they can converse in it...
Read
the full article...
Thai Translation
What are some pitfalls to avoid, specific to Thai, a client should
be aware of when translating into this language? In Thai: The passive
voice is only used in a negative sense.
For example…
Read
the full article…
Turkish
Turkish grammar is monstrously complicated. In comparison, English
grammar is a piece of cake. Native Turkish speakers may be verbally
gifted, but not every native speaker can or should be a translator.
It is imperative to find a qualified translator who is trained in
language and writing skills…
Read
the full article…
Canadian French
What are some pitfalls specific to Canadian French a client should
be aware of when translating into this language? French tends to
be "wordier" than English. So the client can expect that a text
will be longer in French than it was in English…
Read
the full article…
In Love with Words
I have often wondered if there are other people like me that sensually
enjoy the single word, enjoy it like a pastry. I have been a translator
for 40 years (subtitling for Swedish Television and doing literary
translation) so I have had an ongoing love affair with words for
many years now…
Read
the full article…
The Serbo-Croatian Language(s) Today
It has been stated that the difference between a language and a
dialect can often be the matter of whether the language in question
has an army or navy. While most linguists would cite numerous additional
differences, all over the world are found ample examples of languages
that intermingle with one and another and where the certainty of
names and qualities are murky at best…
Read
the full article…
Finnish
Perhaps the most important pitfall the client should be aware of
when translating a text into Finnish is this: the structure and
the vocabulary in Finnish are different from the Indo-European languages.
Many people do not even realize the structure is so much different.
Finnish is not an Indo-European language but a Finno-Ugric language…
Read
the full article…
Sanskrit vs. European languages: The tie that
binds east and west
Anyone who has studied languages knows that different languages
can be surprisingly similar. For example, Spanish and Italian look
very much alike on paper-if you know one of the languages, you can
almost intuit the meaning of a sentence written in the other language…
Read
the full article…
The Irish Language
Long ago, Irish was spoken all across Ireland, and was even used
as a literary language in parts of Scotland. Today, the language
has diminished. It is commonly used in daily life in only a small
portion of Ireland itself, a collection of counties known as the
Gaeltachtaí…
Read
the full article…
The Italian Language
From a linguistic viewpoint Italian belongs to the group of Romance
or Neo-latin languages, together which includes French, Spanish,
Portuguese and Romanian. It is spoken mainly in Italy, but it is
also one of the four official languages in Switzerland, in the Ticino
and Grigioni Cantons, also known as Italian Switzerland…
Read
the full article…
Korean
Korean is the official language of North Korea and South Korea.
It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean
Autonomous Prefecture in China. There are about 78 million Korean
speakers…
Read
the full article…
Sign language
A sign language (also signed language) is a language which, instead
of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses visually transmitted
sign patterns (manual communication, body language and lip patterns)
to convey meaning-simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation
and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions
to express fluidly a speaker's thoughts…
Read
the full article…
Dutch
The first question a client should ask is "Who is my target audience?"
There is Dutch for the Netherlands and Dutch for Belgium. Basically,
the language is one and the same. We use the same dictionaries and
grammar books, which cannot be said of American English and British
English, for example. So a Flemish translator - Flemish refers to
the people NOT the language - can translate for the entire Dutch-speaking
community and vice versa…
Read
the full article…
The Hindi Language
When clients send documents over for translation, there are some
translators who charge by the target word. Hindi expands to about
1.5 times the English in which case the client is stuck with having
to pay much more than what was anticipated…
Read
the full article…
Japanese
What are some pitfalls specific to Japanese to avoid that a client
should be aware of when translating into this language?…
Read
the full article…
The Spanish Language
After Mandarin Chinese, what do you think is the
language with the world’s second-largest number of native speakers? If you guessed English, you’re wrong. English only takes
the second-prize if you count the number of people who learned it
as a second language…
Read
the full article…
Nordic Languages
The Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic languages
are collectively known as the Nordic languages. Since they are all
descended from Old Norse, these languages have a lot in common…
Read
the full article…
Languages in New Guinea
Which country has the highest number of different
languages within its borders? Surprisingly, the answer is not China,
India or any other large country. Tiny Papua New Guinea is all of
462,840 square kilometres in size, about as big as the state of
California…
Read
the full article…
Occidental language
The language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a
planned language created by the Baltogerman naval officer and teacher
Edgar de Wahl and published in 1922…
Read
the full article…
The Basque Language
The Basque language, Euskera, is spoken by about
a quarter of the people who live in the ancestral Basque region.
Often derided by French and Spanish speakers as “incomprehensible,”
the Basque language lives on nonetheless, and it is spoken fluently
by just over 1 million people…
Read
the full article…
The Hawaiian Language
When the Americans annexed Hawaii in 1898, English
became the official language of the Hawaiian Islands. Unfortunately,
the beautiful native Hawaiian language had been threatened since
American and European businessmen developed an interest in the islands
in the early 19th century…
Read
the full article…
Swedish Translation
A translator translating from English to Swedish
should be careful to use the right prepositions in Swedish. Typically,
prepositions are among the hardest things to get right for non-native
speakers, which is why it is important that only translators with
Swedish as their native tongue should translate into Swedish…
Read
the full article…
Future of English Language (Joke)
The European Commission has just announced an agreement
whereby English will be the official language of the European Union
rather than German, which was the other
possibility. As part of the negotiations, Her Majesty's Government
conceded that English spelling had some room for improvement and
has accepted a 5-year phase-in plan that would be known as "Euro-English"…
Read
the full article…
The Cherokee Language
In parts of the United States today, including Tennessee,
North Carolina, and Oklahoma, road signs are marked with unfamiliar
symbols that don't correspond to English letters. Passing through
these areas, you may wonder what the symbols mean…
Read
the full article…
Russian
What are some pitfalls specific to Russian to avoid
that a client should be aware of when translating into this language?…
Read
the full article…
Tagalog: the Language of the Phillipines
The greatest pitfall with English-Tagalog translations
involves the mistaken notion entertained by many clients that there
is a Tagalog term for every English word or concept. Some clients
may even insist that a Tagalog translation contain only "pure
Tagalog" words…
Read
the full article…
Why English is so hard to learn
If you ever feel stupid, then just read on. If you’ve
learned to speak fluent English, you must be a genius! This little
treatise on the lovely language I share is only for the brave. Peruse
at your leisure, English lovers…
Read
the full article…
"I love you" in various languages
Afrikaans - Ek het jou lief
Afrikaans - Ek is lief vir jou
Albanian - te dua
Albanian - te dashuroj
Alentejano (Portugal) - Gosto De Ti, Porra!…
Read
the full article…
Translation Into French for France
What are some pitfalls specific to French to avoid
that a client should be aware of when translating into this language?
A client willing to translate materials into a foreign language
is typically focusing on the linguistic aspect of the task. However,
maximizing the impact of the message also requires finding the right
tone for the intended audience…
Read
the full article…
What is RTL?
RTL is the writing system known as right-to-left
(RTL) in which script runs from the right-hand side of a page and
concludes on the left-hand side, such as in Arabic, Hebrew and Urdu.
As business development manager of a fast-growing regional company
working in Middle Eastern languages on a daily basis, I will endeavor
to give readers some basic information about these types of languages…
Read
the full article…
Translating Kinship Terms to Malay
In the Malay culture, the kinship term is used as
one of the forms of address when speaking to others, especially
when speaking to family members and close, intimate friends. Using
the correct and proper choice of kinship term is of utmost importance
in this culture…
Read
the full article…
Portuguese
For the next few months, McElroy will be running
a series of articles that highlight some of the characteristics
of top languages used in doing business globally. This month, we
look at Portuguese, in an interview conducted with McElroy translator
Clarissa Surek-Clark…
Read
the full article…
German (By McElroy Translation)
For the next few months, McElroy will be running
a series of articles that highlight some of the characteristics
of top languages used in doing business globally. This month, we
look at German, in an interview conducted with McElroy Translator
Gerhard Preisser…
Read
the full article…
Expand your business, 300 million consumers
are waiting for your products, services
Today 290 million people (consumers) speak Russian.
Russian is the 4th World's Most Widely Spoken Language and the most
geographically widespread language of Eurasia. As regards modern
times, Russian is the 4th language in the frequency of use in the
world today, which enables one to say that Russian is an international
and a go-between language for ethnic communities…
Read
the full article…
Bahasa Anyone?
Recently
we have had a surge in requests for Indonesian and Malaysian for
use in Bahasa. One of our Malaysian translators has provided clarification
for our clients. "Bahasa" is not, in fact, another location or country,
it simply means "language." Therefore, Bahasa Indonesia is Indonesian,
and Bahasa Melayu is Malay…
Read
the full article…
Gender and Language
Most
Western languages have some form of distinction between masculine
and feminine nouns, with some of them adding neuter for good measure.
Interestingly, the two non-Indo-European language groups of Europe—Finno-Ugric
(Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian) and Basque—have no grammatical
genders. English has almost lost them when referring to inanimate
objects, with the exception of the feminine sometimes used for vessels
and other means of transportation (Fill 'er up!)…
Read
the full article…
The Languages of the Former Yugoslavia
Though the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
has ceased to exist, the ramifications of the tumultuous changes
that occurred throughout the region in decades past continues even
today. One aspect that continues to be a controversial and touchy
subject in the region is the language. Today, many people find it
difficult to understand the differences between Serbo-Croatian,
Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Montenegrin,
etc…
Read
the full article…
Chinese whispers: challenges of Chinese for
localisation
Chinese is the world's most widely spoken language.
Approximately 1.5 billion people around the globe speak one of its
variants, yet it remains one of the languages about which people
outside Greater China have remarkably little understanding…
Read
the full article…
L'Emprunt dans la traduction
La langue et la traduction sont des éléments
importants qui animent la vie des différentes sociétés
humaines. Elles sont intimement liées, évolutives
et ont pour domaines communs la communication, l'échange
d'idées, la diffusion et le brassage des cultures. Aussi,
faut-il le souligner, la langue est le moteur de la traduction puisque
sans elle la traduction n'a pas de valeur. Aujourd'hui, l'intensification
des contacts entre les différents peuples pour des raisons
économiques, politiques, techniques, scientifiques, sociales
et culturelles a favorisé l'essor des langues, de la traduction
et d'un autre phénomène linguistique, l'emprunt…
Read
the full article…
Bengali - One language, Multiple Variations
Bengali, also called Bangla, is the official language
of Bangladesh, and the Indian States of West Bengal and Tripura.
There are over 200 million native speakers of this language across
the world and it has the pride of place as the 5th "most
spoken" language in the world (after Mandarin, Spanish, English
and Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu). Bengali is the second most commonly
spoken language in India (after Hindi). Yet, interestingly,
there are crucial differences between the spoken and
written forms of the language between Bangladeshi Bengali (with
intra-country variations) and Bengali spoken in West Bengal…
Read
the full article…
Canadian English
Canada
has its own political, cultural, historical, and geographical realities
and has its own words to describe these realities. It has two official
languages, English and French. The English vocabulary used does
not differ enormously from the vocabulary used in other parts of
the world, but some words have different connotations in different
English speaking countries. The bulk of the words used are common
to all English speakers, but there are, a number of words that are
peculiar to Canada…
Read
the full article…
The Spanish Reality in the United States – A
Unique Challenge
The
issue of the Spanish language in the United States is not an easy
topic to approach. We need to bear in mind the diversity of Spanish
in this country, as well as the need to establish a common denominator
in this amazing melting pot. But there is more to it. Linguistic
and cultural influences and the major repercussions of the use of
Spanish in the media also play a critical role when it comes to
US Spanish…
Chinese Characters
An old
American proverb states "The only history worth knowing is the one
you do not already know." This outlook is quite evident as trade
globalization rapidly unites people, cultures and languages between
the East and West in gaining insights to form strategic business
relationships. From afar, Chinese characters may seem like an insurmountable
communication barrier, but once introduced to the socio-linguistic
and political intricacies of the Chinese language, one will find
both uniqueness and commonalities in comparison to one's own language
and history. This survey will introduce the political, ethnic and
cultural lineage of Chinese characters in East Asia and its impact
on the modern online information realm…
Mexican Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Macedonian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Khmer
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Geographic Distribution
5. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Hindi
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Georgian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Arabic
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Words
The
English language is derived from a Germanic language – Old English
(Anglo-Saxon). However, despite English’s clearly Germanic forms,
structures and vocabulary, it also comprises a large number of Latinate
and/or French words (being a Romance language, French is derived
ultimately from Latin)…
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the full article…
Zulu
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Xhosa
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Measurements and Abbreviations
3. Hyphenation
4. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Welsh
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Vietnamese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Urdu
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Ukrainian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Turkish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Traditional Chinese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Thai
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Tagalog
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Swiss Italian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Swiss German
Contents:
1.
General note on Swiss German
2. Grammar and Spelling
3. Punctuation
4. Measurements and Abbreviations
5. Hyphenation
6. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
7. Geographic Distribution
8. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Swiss French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Swedish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Southern Sesotho
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Measurements and Abbreviations
3. Hyphenation
4. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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the full article…
Slovene
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Translating
Pronouns and Proper Names: Indonesian versus English
This article presents the differences in the pronominal systems
of the Indonesian and English languages, the secondary senses of
certain pronouns in their use, and the ambiguities caused by culture-based
given names. Detailed discussion of each is provided with some examples
that commonly occur in written texts. Some ways on how to deal with
these problems are also recommended in each topic discussed…
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the full article…
Slovak
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Simplified Chinese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Serbian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Russian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
How
do we define a word that has no commonly understood meaning?
Bilingualism
throughout the world is on the rise due to increased migration patterns
across the globe. It has been estimated that around half the world's
population is bilingual (Grosjean, 1982, in Karamat Ali, 2004).
Interestingly, it has also been predicted that soon, "the speakers
for whom English is a second or other language will outnumber the
total for whom it is their first"…
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the full article…
Romanian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Punjabi
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Portuguese
Contents:
1.
Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Polish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Norwegian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Malay
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Lithuanian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Book
review: "The Stories of English" by David Crystal
I had the good fortune to stumble across this wonderful
book recently, and I found it both entertaining and informative.
As the title suggests, the book tells the various stories by which
the English language has come to be what it is today. (It's as much
about history and politics as it is about language)…
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the full article…
Latvian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Latin
American Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Korean
Contents:
1.
Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Kazakh
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Javanese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Japanese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Italian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Icelandic
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Hungarian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Hebrew
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Greek
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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German
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Flemish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Finnish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Farsi
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Estonian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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British
English
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution…
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Dutch
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Danish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Czech
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Croatian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Chilean
Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Catalan
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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Canadian
French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Bulgarian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Brazilian
Portuguese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Begin
in English to End in Arabic
The discrepancy between the written form of
a language and the pronounced form constitutes one of the major
difficulties in learning languages. It was the work of linguistics
to deal with the subject matter and discuss what might govern such
discrepancy to determine the implied meaning of a form of speech.
In Arabic, such a problem appears most problematic when Arabic is
transcribed in Latin letters…
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Bosnian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Belgian
French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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Austrian
German
General note on Austrian German and German:
Austrian German adheres to the grammatical system of the German standard language
and only differs in minor points, e.g. in some cases of plural formation.
Furthermore, in some cases, prepositions are used differently…
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Argentinian
Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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American
English
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution…
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Albanian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set …
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Afrikaans
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set …
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